of course you are 'birth' (jati) in the Dependent Origination is something mental yet you are regarding the Pali word 'jati' as exclusively physical we already had a thread about 'Reborn As a Worm' where Ajahn Chah explained a spiritual meaning of 'birth' and 'death' 1. a revival or renaissance the rebirth of learning 2. a second or new birth; reincarnation Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged © a: a new or second birth : metempsychosis b: spiritual regeneration i already posted the quote about two levels of truth to interpret in the manner you are doing is fine - but it does not mean it is true Buddha said in MN 117 such teachings side with merit but not with liberation i already said there are numerous Pali words when the Buddha used the word 'birth', he did not always mean birth from a womb. i already quoted the Visuddhimagga the Pali word may be 'born again', i.e., to take birth again. to become again. 'becoming' is something mental of course the words are not clear in the meaning for me, the Buddha spoke as he did according to truth. buddhas do not lie for example, a person drinks alcohol, which causes various changes to their body & mind. the result is euphoria. after the end of that body, after the death of that alcohol fueled body, the person is born into a state of deprivation, that is, a hangover from the alcohol my interpretation is as valid as yours both interpretations, although different, do not change the principles taught both intepretations represent the reality of karmic inheritance