Screech! Wait a sec. Going back to the OP's story intro. Why is it presumed that the apple farmer borrowed against his future harvest? If the farmer wanted something, why did he not just wait till the apples or grain or whatever were busheled up and then taken into town to be converted into scrip or money that could be traded for other stuff. In that case, money would not be credit/debt based at all, but represent the actual value of a quantity of apples, although I'm not sure how that value would be determined.