One of the problems with us is that we have all been educated with a modern nation-state as our experience, we do not know anything different. Some of us may have theoretical knowledge from books about what a khalifah might look like and operate...but because of our modern experiences we might model it on the nation-state (a strong centralized authority with lots of control etc.). Maybe there is no model and even making detailed plans of how it would be is inappropriate....maybe aside from a few general laws people are left to govern themselves. The more regulations and laws there are imposed by the centralized authority the more corruption there is. Lao Tzu: I would recommend listening to this long lecture, not because I advocate his ideas, but just to gain a different perspective on the problem of government and to recognize that there are many different ways to govern without creating a centralized nation-state or empire. The Usmanli khalifah did not call itself an empire, the west called it the ottomon empire, but they called themselves the dawla....this is a less rigid, centralized and bureaucratic form of Islamic rule, empires are rigid and controlling designed to enrich people in the centre of government. If you get a chance watch this: Hoppe in Sydney 2011: "Society Without State - Private Law Society" http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature...&v=TBER0noHGC8